Eradication of the Polio Virus with Widespread Use of the Vaccine

 All the attention to the Covid-19 Pandemic and the widespread administration of vaccines to combat it brings to mind another epidemic that occurred in the 1950’s – Polio (virus poliomyelitis).

Polio is a highly contagious virus that lives in the human throat and intestinal tract. It affects people differently.  Most of those infected were asymptomatic; others had mild symptoms such as sore throat, fever, stomach pain or vomiting.  Yet for some it causes paralysis and sometimes death.

Many aspects of the disease – like its transmission and prevention – took time to figure out.  It is now known that the disease is transmitted primarily via feces but also through airborne droplets from person to person.  Polio takes 6 to 20 days to incubate and remains contagious for up to two weeks after.  It seemed to remain dormant in the winter months with a seasonal surge in the summer.  In the early days it was thought to come from swimming during the hot summer months.  Some blamed Italian immigrants, others pointed to car exhaust, a few believed cats were to blame and some associated it with flies, mosquitoes, dirt and poverty. 

 

The first major polio epidemic in the United States hit Vermont in 1894 with 132 cases.  A larger outbreak struck New York City in 1916, with more than 27,000 cases and 6,000 deaths.  As the number of polio cases grew, the paralytic disease changed the way Americans looked at Public Health and disability.  

Franklin D. Roosevelt contracted polio in 1920, twelve years before he became president.  Although he acknowledged having it, he concealed the extent to which he suffered from polio and the fact that he wore braces to stand and walk.  In 1938, Roosevelt founded the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis and spearheaded the March of Dimes for polio research. 

As the weather warmed up each year, panic over polio intensified.  Late summer was dubbed “polio season”.  Public swimming pools were shut down.  Movie theaters urged patrons not to sit too close together to avoid spreading the disease.    The fear was well grounded.  By the 1950’s polio had become one of the most serious communicable diseases among children in the United States. 

At the time the 1952 Polio epidemic was the worst outbreak in the nation’s history.  Of nearly 60,000 cases reported that year, thousands were paralyzed and more than 3,000 people died. Most of the victims were children.  Hospitals set up special units with iron lung machines to keep polio victims alive.

The American polio story has a happy ending.  In 1955 Dr. Jonas Salk’s inactivated polio vaccine was deemed “safe, effective and potent” and rates of polio began to drop.  By the 1960’s, an oral polio vaccine, made by Albert Sabin, became available.  In less than 25 years, due to these vaccines, the United States had virtually eliminated polio. 

Some of us are old enough to remember those days in the 1950’s when swimming was discouraged and parents worried.  It was common to see pictures of children in iron lung machines and with crutches and braces.  And we remember receiving the vaccine as school children lined up at school or the church to get our shots or vaccine-laced sugar cubes, in the case of the Sabin vaccine.

In our local area, we were lucky to have few cases.  But one not so lucky was young Sandy Runyon shown in this1955 news clipping in a wheelchair being visited at the Hyde Memorial Rehabilitation Home in Bath, Maine by school children from Cornish.  He was the son of the late Elmer and Claire Runyon of Parsonsfield

 Thanks to the polio vaccine and mass immunization the disease has been eradicated in the Western Hemisphere with the last case reported in Peru in 1991. Polio shots are given routinely to infants as part of their vaccination procedure to ensure that this terrible disease does not return. Global polio eradication efforts began in 1988.  By the end of 2017, polio was endemic in just three countries – Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan where immunization efforts were resisted or stopped completely. We all hope that the current Covid-19 vaccines are as successful as the Polio vaccine.  Help make it possible by getting your shots. 

IT’S TOWN MEETING SEASON!

Town Meeting dates to the European settlement of New England, and it persists today in town halls, schools and auditoriums.  According to the New England Historical Society, “Dorchester, Massachusetts claims its early selectmen established the New England Town Meeting.  On Oct. 8, 1633, Dorchester passed an order establishing that form of town government.  Dorchester, however, has since become part of Boston — and the Pilgrims held a town meeting (then called court day) in 1622.  So the distinction of the first town meeting goes to Plymouth, Mass.  Gov. William Bradford ran the first town meeting of Plimoth Plantation in 1622  in order to divide land among the families.  The other fledgling towns followed the Pilgrim example and held annual meetings as well.  In Massachusetts, the General Court in 1635 enacted the New Towne Ordinance.  It authorized each town to dispose of common property, order its civil affairs and to choose its ‘own particular officers.’”

Not to be confused with Town Hall meetings, the New England Town Meeting is a form of direct democracy in which a community gathers and votes on budgets and policies.

In the act of incorporation for Parsonsfield in 1785 Simon Frye, Esq., of Fryeburg, was authorized to call the first meeting for the choice of Town Officers. From the History of Parsonsfield written in 1885:

And the results of the meeting:

In Porter the first town meeting under the act of incorporation was held on March 20, 1807 at the home of James Coffin.

From Teg’s History of Porter, written in 1957, are the warrant and results of that first meeting:

In both cases the main business of the day was to assume self-government.  Since there were sometimes more offices than qualified citizens to fill them, the more knowledgeable settlers were sometimes forced to double up.  In addition to three Selectmen, the slate called for a Constable, Tax Collector, Treasurer, Surveyors of Highways, and other such positions as are defined in Teg’s History of Porter:

Aside from the problem of roads, or the lack of them, vagrant livestock was a sometimes pressing issue, hence the "pound keeper, hogreaf and fence viewers". As New Englander Robert Frost later noted, "good fences make good neighbors".

The form or purpose of town meeting has not changed much over the centuries since the citizens of Plymouth Colony first met to discuss and decide on community-specific matters.  In those early years the privilege of voting was limited to those male citizens 21 years of age who were property owners.  Then, as today, the posted warrant “warned” the citizens to meet at a designated time and place to act upon the articles within.  Traditionally, Maine town meetings were held in March and, until relatively recent years, were called to order at nine or ten in the morning and continued all day with a break for lunch put on by the church or Grange ladies.  The Moderator, the election of whom is always the first order of business, brings the meeting to order and presides over the meeting after which his term of office ends.  A good Moderator should know everybody in town, be respected, fair, and possess an operational knowledge of parliamentary procedures.  Once a citizen both capable and willing was found, they could generally count on the job until health or infirmity intervened.

All Maine towns are not alike and many variations of town meeting exist but the process is basically the same.  It may not be “pure democracy” as some contend but Meeting Day does afford Mainers the opportunity to speak their minds and to vote directly on matters that affect their lives. 

BARTLETT DOE & HIS LASTING LEGACY FOR THE TOWN OF PARSONSFIELD

 John and Gideon Doe were among the first settlers in Parsonsfield. They left Newmarket, NH in 1775 and settled in the south western part of town on the western slope of Doe Mountain.  Gideon soon moved to Effingham, NH.  Both had large families -- some settled in and around Parsonsfield and some moved on to locations further away.  John Doe and wife Elizabeth (Ames) Doe had eight children including Colonel Bartlett Doe born 7/30/1785 and died 2/11/1872.

Bartlett was a common family name, so there are several in the family tree.  We are focusing on Bartlett Doe, son of Colonel Bartlett and Mary (Sanborn) Doe who was born July 13, 1820, the 6th of 12 children. Martha Doe (Moore) – b. 8/15/1811, d. 9/9/1869

Mary S. Doe (Jones) – b. 8/15/1811, d. prior to 1902

Alvah Doe – b. 8/28/1813, d. 7/4/1885

Amzi (Amza) Doe – b. 9/23/1815, d. 1867

Hannah S. Doe – b. 3/9/1818, d. prior to 1902

Bartlett Doe – b. 7/13/1820, d. 4/18/1906

John S. Doe – b. 9/26/1822, d. 1894

Elisabeth A. Doe (Moulton) – b. 12/27/1824, d. prior to 1902

Calvin Doe – b. 4/6/1827, d. 6/7/1829

Calvin W. Doe – b. 2/20/1829, d. 8/17/1846

Nancy H. Doe (Kezar) – b. 5/6/1831, d. 1917

Charles F. Doe – b. 8/13/1833, d. 1904 

In 1850 at the age of 30, Bartlett moved to San Francisco, California and in 1852 was joined by his brother John.  Together they formed the firm “B. & J.S. Doe”, a sash, door and blind business.  Charles followed them in 1857 forming a retail lumber business that prospered as “Charles F. Doe & Co.”  They became successful financiers, and with shrewd management and high business capacity they amassed immense fortunes.  Little is known about John, but Charles and Bartlett became known for their generosity.  Bartlett never forgot his hometown of Parsonsfield.

The following was taken from the “Parsonsfield Seminary First Hundred Years – 1832 – 1932”.

In 1899 Bartlett Doe visited his native town and became interested in Parsonsfield Seminary and at his expense the old Seminary was remodeled and repaired.  A new dormitory [for boys] was built with a steam heating plant, a hot and cold water system, and other modern improvements.  This was done at a cost of $20,000.  Mr. Doe, at that time, also placed $100,000 in the Boston Safe Deposit and Trust Co. as an endowment Trust Fund.  The conditions of the Trust, stated in Mr. Doe’s Deed of Trust are as follows:

“It is a condition of this gift that the Seminary shall be represented by a board, to be termed the Board of Education, elected by the Trustees or otherwise appointed.  

“Said Board shall consist of five members, one of whom shall be the Superintendent of the Public Schools of the State of Maine; one whom shall be the Superintendent of the Public Schools of the town of Parsonsfield; one of whom shall be the Chairman of the Board of Selectmen of the Town; two of whom shall be elected by the Board of Trustees and shall always be members of the Board.”

“It shall be the duty of said Board to visit the school from time to time for the purpose of examining its condition, and said Board has the sole right to select teachers for said school.  It is my desire that the Seminary shall always be non-sectarian and free to all the high school scholars of the Town of Parsonsfield.”  

At the request of Mr. Doe, in 1901, the legislature amended the charter to provide that the State Superintendent of Schools be a permanent member of the Board of Education in charge of the school, as expressed in the terms of this Deed-of-Trust above referred to.

On the same day as the San Francisco earthquake, in 1906, Mr. Doe died.  His wealth was estimated at $2,472,516 [even though it was diminished by the terrible earthquake].  In his will further provisions were made for the school.  50/18 of 1% of his fortune was to be added to the Trust Fund.  39/18 of 1% was to be used in building the girl’s Dormitory, which was built in 1906.

WHO WAS DR. WILLIAM TEG?

 Anyone who has been interested in the history of Porter, Brownfield or Hiram has probably come across histories of those towns written by William Teg.  But do you know anything about him? Here is his interesting story.

William Teg was born in 1891 in Minnesota where his Swedish father was one of the first white settlers.  He attributed some of his keen interest in rocks to the fact that there were hardly any around his boyhood home.  At age 16 he studied commercial telegraphy at Fargo, North Dakota.  That seems to have started a life of continual study and research.  

Dr. William Teg presenting a copy of the History of Porter to Evelyn Watkins in 1957.

He was a historian and writer and authored histories of Brownfield, Hiram and Porter as well as Vikings and Vagabonds (an autobiography of sorts of his travels abroad), and Almuthicoitt – Land of the Little Dog.  

He was also an archeologist, paleographer, anthropologist and geologist.  He studied theology but gave up the idea of being a missionary. He studied and could speak several languages including Hebrew and Greek and the Norse languages of Scandinavia.   He received a doctorate in physiological therapeutics at University of Chicago, and a doctorate in osteopathy in New York City.  Later he taught anatomy and physiology in New York City.

Teg served in the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I as a stretcher bearer in the ambulance corps and as a nurse in a field hospital.  After the war he taught physical education in various therapeutic institutions in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.  And he took courses at the Dickson School of Memory and studied violin and music at the National Academy of Music in Chicago.  

In 1921 he married Greta B. Bage, a recent immigrant from Finland and they had two children, William B. Teg, Jr., and Ruth (Teg) Sligh.  They lived in New Rochelle, NY.  In 1924 they moved to Hiram, ME, restored an old homestead and established a summer home called “Solitude”.    It consisted of 60 acres between the areas in Hiram called  Durgin Town and Tripptown in the shadow of Bill Merrill Mountain.  They lived there for 5 months of the year, returning to NY in late fall, then full time in later years.  It was a retreat that provided him with an ideal workshop in which to pursue his varied studies away from interruptions.  And its remoteness made it ideal for a wildlife sanctuary.

As a geologist and mineralogist he combed the hills of northern York and southern Oxford counties. He insisted that there were valuable minerals including uranium in the hills of Newfield.  

Both Mr. and Mrs. Teg were active members of the Parsonsfield-Porter Historical Society and he spent years compiling information for his History of Porter which he published in 1957 for the historical society in time for  Porter’s Sesquicentennial.

Mr. Teg died at a Bridgton hospital November 5, 1977 survived by his wife,  son, daughter and 2 grandchildren.

We would be remiss if we ignored Mrs. Teg who also had an interesting life and was at her husband’s side for nearly 56 years.

  

Greta B. Teg was born in Kristinestad, Finland, a daughter of Henrick and Ina Damasere Bage, and attended schools there.  Her parents had escaped from France at the time of the Revolution and settled in Finland.  The film, Dr. Zhivago was filmed at her family’s homestead in Kristinestad.  

After training at a Helsinki hospital, Greta served as a doctor on the Russian Front during the Finnish Civil War of 1917, and in 1918 was decorated for her service (cited for valor) by General Carl G. Mannheim, Finland’s national hero.  

Mrs. Teg came to America in 1920 and married Dr. William Teg the following year.  

For 36 years the Tegs spent summers at their home in Hiram, returning to New Rochelle, NY where she took private nursing cases in a local hospital.  

She passed away at a Lewiston nursing home May 7, 1985, nearly eight years after her husband.  Both are interred at the Riverside Cemetery in Kezar Falls, ME.

LEVI LIBBY COOK and the Cook families of Porter

 The Parsonsfield-Porter Historical Society recently received a copy of a “History of Porter, Maine” by Thomas Moulton, from a relative of the Cook family living in California.  There was an inscription in the book by its former owner, Ralph Eugene Cook –  “If this book is not wanted please send it to the Porter Historical Society, Porter, Maine.  Being the last one “Cook” to be born in the Town of Porter, February 3, 1896 to Herbert E. Cook and Clara E. Towle Cook.”  Also included was a letter written to Ralph from his cousin, Levi L. Cook, January 15, 1939 with some family genealogy.  Knowing a little about Levi Cook, this prompted some research of the Cook family in Porter.

 According to Levi’s letter, the first Cooks in the Town of Porter from whom all of the local Cooks descended were three brothers from Farmington, New Hampshire.  Jonathan, Abraham and Nathaniel Cook came to the Territory of Porterfield in April 1796 and took up homesteads years before the town was incorporated.  They settled on the east side of Colcord Pond.  Many are buried in the Porter Village cemetery and are listed in Porter Vital Statistics.

Jonathan Cook – (Born 1763. Died ?) was the line that included both Ralph and Levi.

(He was Ralph’s great great-grandfather and Levi’s great-grandfather.)  He married Susan Hayes of Farmington, NH and they had 6 children: Abigail, Louisa, Mary, Jonathan 2nd, William and Spencer.

Jonathan Cook 2nd - Born 5/27/1805 in Porter. Died 11/26/1877.  (He was Ralph’s great-grandfather and Levi’s grandfather.)  He married Mary Ann Brooks (1809-1891) in Porter.  They had 10 children:

Sarah Ann – Born 12/11/1827

Jonathan Woodman (Ralph’s grandfather) – Born 2/4/1830

Horace – Born 3/29/1832.  Died 3/4/1909.

George – Born 3/11/1835.  Died 11/5/1911.

Rose Ann – Born 6/18/1837.  Died 7/26/1854.

Lorenzo D. (Levi’s father) – Born 9/30/1839.  Died 8/17/1905.

Arsenath – Born 9/4/1841.  Died 3/16/1868.

Eliza Jane – Born 9/24/1843.  Died 1/24/1916.

Mary Ann – Born 1848.  Died 8/9/1854

Lydia F. – Born ?  Died ? 

Jonathan Woodman was born in Porter 2/4/1830 and died in North Conway 12/13/1891.  He married Margaret-Jane Peary.  They had 7 children: Lewis, George, Mary, Emerson, Ada, Charles and Herbert E.

Herbert E. Cook (Ralph’s father) – Born ?  in Porter.  Died ?

Herbert married Clara E. Towle – Born 2/22/1877.  Died in Porter 5/2/1941.  The number of children born to them is unknown except for 3 boys: Herbert, Ivan and Ralph – Born in Porter 2/3/1896.  Died in California after 1961 but date unknown.

It appears that several of the Cook family moved west.  Ralph’s family ended up in California and his Uncle Horace’s family was in South Dakota, Iowa and California. Lorenzo’s family remained in Maine.

Lorenzo D. Cook ( Levi’s father) – Born in Porter 9/30/1839. Died in 1905 in Cornish. He married Elzira Libby.  Levi’s obituary states that Levi L. Cook was their only son.  No record was found of any daughters.  Quite a bit was learned about Levi. 

Levi Libby Cook – Born in Porter 8/5/1866.  He married Eunice F. Durgin  (photo) on 4/6/1886. She was the daughter of Daniel and Mary (Ridlon) Durgin.  They had 4 daughters who all died in childhood.

Levi grew up in Porter and was educated here.  He attended the Porterfield schools about which he wrote a poem in later years. Levi moved his family to Cornish and his name was listed in the “York County Directory of 1897-1898” as an insurance agent.  The family lived in the former Thomas Richardson farm.  According to “A History of the Town of Cornish, Maine” published in 1994, the farm was located on outer Maple Street toward Kezar Falls.  Later the buildings burned and by 1993 Pumpkinville had been built on that location.  His father Lorenzo died in 1905.

The “1905 Town Register for Cornish” listed in the census:  Levi L. Cook – carpenter, Eunice F. (Durgin) Cook – [wife], Elzira B. (Libby) Cook – [mother] and Josephine Cook – mill operator [sister or cousin?]

Levi’s wife Eunice died 10/7/1912.  His mother Elzira Cook died in 1927.  Levi remarried in October of that year to Annie (Pinkham) Crockett.

Levi apparently had several occupations – insurance agent, carpenter and farmer.  He wrote articles for the Ossipee Valley Weekly newspaper and he wrote poetry.  PPHS has several of his handwritten poems in our collection including the one published in booklet form – “Reminiscences of School Days”.

Mr. Cook was active and held an office in several local organizations; Cornish Townsend Club, Ossipee Valley Oddfellows Lodge No. 54, Greenleaf Masonic Lodge No. 117, Cornish Grange No. 163, Kezar Falls Fish and Game Assn. and was a leader of the Cornish Boy Scouts.

Levi L Cook died from a stroke at his cousin’s home in Cornish on August 3, 1939.  He left his widow, Annie (Pinkham) Cook who later moved to Porter and lived until 1977.

Levi and Eunice Cook with a daughter (?)

DAVID W. LEAVITT And His Legacy For The Residents Of Parsonsfield, Maine

   David Willard “D.W.” Leavitt (1880-1948) was born in Parsonsfield, the first son of Albert R. (1845-1924) and Nellie M. Leavitt.  Albert was active in Parsonsfield town affairs as were several others of the Leavitt family, although it seems that the many Leavitts in Parsonsfield were not all closely related.   The Albert Leavitt farm where David was born is still located on Middle Rd. north west of the village. D. W.’s brother, Forest Parks Leavitt and sister, Deborah (Leavitt) Kimball also lived nearby.  It appears that they eventually lived in Florida in the winter and came to Parsonsfield in the summer.

The Albert R. Leavitt farm on Middle Road where D. W. Leavitt was born.

It was later used as a summer home.

   D.W., as he was commonly called, married Bessie Gaylord Leavitt of Boston.  She had spent summers at the Josiah Colcord place near the Leavitt farm.  They had 3 children, Albert Willard (1903-1957), Helen (Leavitt) Mason and Dorothy (Leavitt) Chilton.  D.W. and Bessie divorced later in life and each remarried.  D.W. had another child, Bobbie Rosalind Leavitt, by his second wife.

D.W. Leavitt became known for assembling what is referred to as the Leavitt Plantation which he started in 1932.  He had been interested in development of woodland and in modern forestry practices since the early 1920’s.  He gradually expanded his woodland holdings over the years, buying some 30 abandoned farms to add to the Leavitt property.  He planted trees in all the open spaces, which became the plantation, and he had a dream of eventually planting the entire area.

After Leavitt’s death in 1948, his son, Albert W. Leavitt, took over management of the enterprise.  Fred N. Leavitt of North Parsonsfield, a distant relative, was superintendent from 1938 to 1957 and became manager in 1957 after Albert Leavitt’s death, serving in that capacity until the sale of the property. 

 

In 1960 7,500 acres of timberland from the plantation was sold to S.D. Warren Co. who continued to manage the land as a demonstration forest.  

Documentation in the file at Parsonsfield Town office provides the following information:

The next owner was UBS Brinson, a timber investment management organization. In 2000 it was learned that Brinson was considering subdividing the entire plantation into 13 parcels to be sold at auction. At that time a movement began to seek a way to protect the Plantation from being split up and developed. About 2001 Renewable Resources, LLC, a similar timber investment management organization, purchased the land and negotiations were started to form a conservation easement agreement with them and any future owner to preserve the land forever.

A long period of negotiation and a huge fundraising effort finally brought about the final agreement on April 9, 2003 at a cost of $2,600,000. The final conservation easement agreement with Renewable Resources, LLC was for an 8,600 acre tract (not all contiguous) making up about 22% of Parsonsfield’s land area. An additional 1,100 acres had been added to the original plantation of 7,500 acres.

The “Maine Department of Conservation – Nature Conservancy” coordinated and raised funds for the project with the help of several other sources: “Land for Maine’s Future Program”, “Federal Forest Legacy Program”, “Maine Dept. of Conservation”, the Town of Parsonsfield with donations from residents and friends, a grant from “North American Wetlands Conservation Act”, and “Maine’s Outdoor Heritage Fund”.

This Federal & State partnership allows the landowner to keep their land private while ensuring it remains forest forever through the use of the conservation easement.

Following are some of what the conservation easement provides:

Even if the land is sold in the future, this easement will permanently guarantee it cannot be developed, thereby ensuring it will continue to provide the natural resource values that exist (e.g. timber production, wildlife habitat protection, etc.).

There can be no residential and commercial development on the property, ensuring that it remains as an unfragmented forest parcel. The large 8,300 acre parcel can be divided into no more than 2 parcels. The Pendexter Brook parcel (300 acres) will remain its current size.

The landowner has the right to manage the property for forest products under a forest management plan that will be reviewed and approved by the Bureau of Parks and Lands.

The public is still allowed to use the property for non-motorized recreation activities including hunting, fishing & hiking and appropriate motorized recreational use will be allowed on designated snowmobile trails and town rights of way.

The Town can still utilize a limited amount of gravel on an annual basis for maintaining town roads.

The landowner will still pay taxes to the Town of Parsonsfield under the Tree Growth Tax Program.

The Bureau of Parks and Lands was to establish a stewardship fund to provide the resources to ensure that the easement is monitored periodically and enforced and to meet annually to review the previous year’s activity.

In 2006 ownership of the Plantation changed hands to Heartwood Forestland Fund V Limited Partnership from Chapel Hill, No. Carolina. Two smaller lots were sold to individuals. Of course the Conservation Easement still applies.

Leavitt Plantation today – shaded areas.

It is claimed that this is still the largest contiguous block of sustainably managed forest in single ownership in southern Maine and provides high-value forest products that support the regional economy.

WELCOME 2021 - WITH HOPE FOR A BETTER YEAR.

 

The Parsonsfield-Porter Historical Society wishes all of you best wishes for a happy, healthy and prosperous New Year in 2021.

May this awful pandemic soon end and all the difficulties associated with 2020 be just a memory.  We look forward to opening History House once again and to resuming our meetings, programs and activities for you to enjoy once all of Covid 19 is gone or at least under control.

We want everyone to have their lives back!  In the meantime, stay safe.